Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of cyclothymia is unknown, but a combination of factors is believed to contribute: 

  • Genetics: Cyclothymia often runs in families, suggesting a strong genetic link with bipolar disorder and major depression.

  • Brain Biology and Chemistry: Differences in brain structure, function, and neurotransmitter regulation may play a role.

  • Environmental Factors: Traumatic life experiences, prolonged stress, or severe illness can trigger the disorder in susceptible individuals

Support groups can provide valuable peer support and shared experiences. Resources can be found through organizations like the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) or the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). 

If you or a loved one is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org.

Cyclothymic disorder

Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, is a chronic mood disorder that is a milder form of bipolar disorder. It is characterized by frequent, fluctuating mood swings between periods of mild depression (depressive symptoms) and emotional highs (hypomanic symptoms) that do not meet the full criteria for major depressive or manic episodes. 

Symptoms

The mood shifts in cyclothymia can be unpredictable and disruptive to daily life. Periods of stable mood are brief, lasting less than two consecutive months. 

  • Hypomanic Symptoms (the "highs"): These are periods of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy that are less severe than full-blown mania.

    • Exaggerated feeling of happiness or well-being (euphoria)

    • Extreme optimism and inflated self-esteem (grandiosity)

    • Decreased need for sleep

    • Increased talkativeness or racing thoughts

    • Poor judgment leading to risky behaviors (e.g., spending sprees, impulsive decisions)

    • Increased goal-directed activity or physical activity

  • Depressive Symptoms (the "lows"): These are periods of low mood that are less severe than major depression.

    • Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, emptiness, or worthlessness

    • Loss of interest in activities once considered enjoyable

    • Fatigue or feeling slowed down

    • Sleep problems (insomnia or hypersomnia)

    • Difficulty concentrating and making decisions

Diagnosis

it can be challenging as symptoms often overlap with other conditions like personality disorders or major depressive disorder. A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical exam and lab tests to rule out underlying medical conditions (like thyroid issues) or substance use. A psychological evaluation, including taking a detailed mood history (sometimes using a daily mood chart), is also part of the process. 

Treatment focuses on managing chronic symptoms and preventing the condition from developing into more severe bipolar I or II disorder, a significant risk if left untreated. 

  • Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is highly recommended. It helps individuals identify triggers, manage unhealthy thoughts and behaviors, and develop coping strategies.

  • Medications: Mood stabilizers, such as lithium and certain antiseizure medicines, are often prescribed to level out mood swings. Antidepressants may also be used in some cases.

  • Lifestyle Management: Establishing a consistent routine for sleep, meals, and activity levels is crucial for stabilizing mood (social rhythm therapy). Avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and recreational drugs is also important.